Problematic Soils and their Management
Proposition Soil quality and health, distribution of Waste land and problem soils in different agro ecosystem of India. Their categorization grounded on parcels. recovery and operation of Saline and sodic soils, Acid soils, Acid Sulphate soils, largely and low passable soils. Remote seeing and Civilians in opinion and operation of problem soils. Bio remediation of soils through multipurpose trees( MPTs), land capability and felicity bracket. Irrigation water – quality and norms, application of saline water in husbandry.
Practical
Characterization of acid, acid sulfate, swab- affected and calcareous soils. Determination of cations( Na, K, Ca and Mg) in irrigation water and soil samples. Determination of anions( Cl-, SO4--, CO3-- and HCO3-) in irrigation waters and soil samples. Determination of CaCO3 in calcareous soils. Lime conditions of acid soil and gypsum conditions of sodic soil. calculation of SAR and RSC of irrigation water
Soil Health and Soil Quality Indices
Physical, Chemical and natural pointers Since all agrarian conditioning are directly( or) laterally affected by how the “ soil is handled ”, its health becomes the high concern before one can address mortal and beast health issues. Managing soil is a redoubtable challenge to insure productivity, profitability and public food security. From agrarian point of view, the soil health may be appertained to as the capability of the soil to produce crops in a sustainable manner. On the other hand, soil quality can be defined as the capacity of a specific kind of soil to serve, within natural( or) managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain factory and beast productivity, maintain( or) enhance water and air quality and support mortal health and habitation.
Soil quality
Since 1990’s a more comprehensive and holistic review of the part of soil has been honored. The soil has been expanded to include the aspects of environmental quality and safety and mortal and beast health also in addition to productivity. therefore quality has been defined as the capacity of a soil to produce fresh off- point and declination from backwaters and corrosion sediments are terrain external to agrarian soils. The term soil quality and soil health are frequently used interchangeably in the scientific literature; scientists, in general, prefer ‘ soil health’( Harris and Bezdicek, 1994). ‘ Soil quality’ is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to serve within ecosystem and land- use boundaries, to sustain natural productivity, maintains terrain quality and sustains factory, beast and mortal health( Doran and Parkin, 1994).
Soil health is defined as being a state of dynamic equilibrium between foliage and fauna and their girding soil terrain in which all the metabolic conditioning of the former do optimally without any interference, stress or impedance from the ultimate( Goswami and Rattan, 1992). Soil quality is n't limited to agrarian soils, although utmost soil quality work has been done in agrarian systems. Measuring soil quality is an exercise in relating soil parcels that are responsive to operation, affect or relate with environmental issues, and are able of being precisely measured within certain specialized and profitable constraints. Soil quality pointers may be qualitative( e.g. drainage is fast) or quantitative( infiltration = 2.5 in/ hr).
factors of soil quality
Soil quality is a compound of individual capacities of the soil to perform three functions viz.,( i) crop and beast productivity( ii) environmental protection and safety( iii) donation to mortal and beast health. Productivity function is well understood scientifically and technologically. Water recession is an index of poor drainage and compact hardpan, structural deterioration etc. pointers of soil quality can be distributed into four general groups visual, physical, chemical, and natural.
Visual pointers It may be attained from observation or photographic interpretation. Exposure of topsoil, change in soil color, deciduous gullies, ponding, runoff, factory response, weed species, blowing soil, and deposit are only a many exemplifications of implicit locally determined pointers. Visual substantiation can be a clear suggestion that soil quality is hovered or changing. Physical pointers It's related to the arrangement of solid patches and pores. exemplifications include clod depth, bulk viscosity, porosity, aggregate stability, texture, encrusting , and contraction.
Physical pointers primarily reflect limitations to root growth, seedling emergence, infiltration, or movement of water within the soil profile.
Chemical pointers It include measures of pH, saltness, organic matter, phosphorus attention, cation- exchange capacity, nutrient cycling, and attention of rudiments that may be implicit pollutants( heavy essence, radioactive composites, etc.) or those that are demanded for factory growth and development. The soil’s chemical condition affects soil- factory relations, water quality, buffering capacities, vacuity of nutrients and water to shops and other organisms, mobility of pollutants, and some physical conditions, similar as the tendency for crust to form. natural pointers It includes measures of micro andmacro-organisms, their exertion, or derivations. Earthworm, nematode, or termite populations have been suggested for use in some corridor of the country.
Respiration rate can be used to descry microbial exertion, specifically microbial corruption of organic matter in the soil. Ergosterol, a fungal derivate, has been used to measure the exertion of organisms that play an important part in the conformation and stability of soil summations. dimension of corruption rates of factory residue in bags or measures of weed seed figures, or pathogen populations can also serve as natural pointers of soil quality Soil quality attempts to integrate all three types of pointers. The orders do n't neatly align with the colorful soil functions, so integration is necessary. The table below shows the relationship between index type and soil function. Physical pointers Physical pointers give information about soil hydrologic characteristics, similar as water entry and retention that influences vacuity to shops. Some pointers are related to nutrient vacuity by their influence on lodging volume and aeration status. Other measure tells us about erosional status. pointers include measures of
Aggregate
Stability Soil summations are groups of soil patches that bind to each other further explosively than to conterminous patches. Aggregate stability refers to the capability of soil summations to repel decomposition when disruptive forces associated with tillage and water or wind corrosion are applied.
๐ Problematic Soils
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