Insect Ecology and Principles of Integrated Pest Management
PEST- description, orders, CAUSES FOR OUTBREAK, LOSSES CAUSED in PESTS
PEST- deduced from French word ‘ Peste’ and Latin term ‘ Pestis’ meaning
pest or contagious complaint - Pest is any beast which is noxious, destructive or worrisome to man or his interests - A pest is any organism which occurs in large figures and conflict with man’s weal, convenience and profit - A pest is an organism which harms man or his property significantly or is likely to do so( Woods, 1976) - Insects are pests when they're sufficiently multitudinous to beget profitable damage Debacli, 1964) -
Pests are organisms which put burdens on mortal population by causing
i) Injury to crop shops, timbers and ornamentals
( ii) Annoyance, injury and death to humans and tamed creatures
( iii) Destruction or value deprecation of stored products.
- Pests include insects, nematodes, diminutives, draggers, slugs, etc. and invertebrates like rats, catcalls, etc. Depending upon the significance, pests may be agrarian timber, ménage, medical, aesthetic and veterinary pests.
orders OF PESTS
Grounded on circumstance following are pest orders Regular pest constantly occurs on crop- Close association e.g. Rice slem borer, Brinjal fruit borer Occasional pest rarely occurs, no close association e.g. Caseworm on rice, Mango stem borer Seasonal pest Occurs during a particular season every time e.g. Red hairy caterpillar on groundnut, Mango hoppers patient pests Occurs on the crop throughout the time and is delicate to control Chilli thrips, lurid bug on guava Sporadic pests Pest occurs in insulated points during some period. e.g. Coconut slug caterpillar Grounded on position of infestation Pest epidemic unforeseen outbreak of a pest in a severe form in a region at a particular time e.g. BPH in Tanjore, RHC in Madurai, Pollachi Aboriginal pest circumstance of the pest in a low position in many pockets, regularly and confined to particular area e.g. Rice bitterness midge in Madurai, Mango hoppers in Periyakulam Parameters of nonentity population situations General equilibrium position( GEP) The average viscosity of a population over a long period of time, around which the pest population over a long period of time, around which the pest population tends to change due to biotic and abiotic factors and in the absence of endless environmental changes. profitable threshold position( ETL) Population viscosity at which control measure should be enforced to help an adding pest population from reaching the ETL. profitable injury position( EIL) The smallest population viscosity that will beget profitable damage Damage boundary( DB) The smallest position of damage which can be measured. ETL is always lower than EIL. Provides sufficient time for control measures.
PEST orders ACCORDING TO EIL, GEP AND DB
( i) crucial pest - Most severe and dangerous pests - GEP falsehoods above EIL always - Spray temporarily bring population below EIL - These are patient pests - The terrain must be changed to bring GEP below EIL Cotton bollworm, Diamond backmoth
( ii) Major pest - GEP falsehoods veritably near to EIL or coincides with EIL -profitable damage can be averted by timely and repeated sprays e.g. Cotton jassid, Rice stem borer
iii) Minor pest/ Occasional pest - GEP is below the EIL generally - Infrequently they cross EIL - Can be controlled by scattering e.g. Cotton stainers, Rice hispa, Ash weevils
( iv) Sporadic pests - GEP generally below EIL - occasionally it crosses EIL and beget severe loss in some places ages e.g. Sugarcane pyrilla, White grub, Hairy caterpillar
( v) Implicit pests - They are n't pests at present - GEP always lower than EIL - If terrain changed may beget profitable loss e.g. S. litura is potentia pest in North India
CAUSES OF PEST OUTBREAK
exertion of mortal beings which dislocations the biotic balance of ecosystem is the high cause for pest outbreak. The following are some mortal interventions- Reason fro outbreak Deforestation an bringing under civilization - Pest feeding on timber trees are forced to feed on cropped - Biomass/ unit area more in timbers than agrarian land - Weather factors also altered- Affects nonentity development
ii. Destruction of natural adversaries - Due to redundant use of germicides, natural adversaries are killed - This affects the natural control medium and pest outbreak occurs, e.g. Synthetic pyrethroid germicides kill NE.
iii. ferocious and expansive civilization Monoculture( ferocious) leads to addition of pests expansive civilization of susceptible variety in large area- No competition for food - addition increases Stem borers in rice and sugarcane
iv. preface of new kinds and crops. kinds with favourable physiological and morphological factors beget addition of insects. e.g. Succulent, dwarf rice kinds favour splint brochure Combodia cotton favours stem weevil and spotted bollworm mongrel sludge( CSH 1), cumbu( HB1) favour shoot canvases and bitterness midges
v. bettered agronomic practices Increased N toxin-High splint brochure prevalence on rice Closer planting- BPH and splint brochure increases grainy germicides retain phytotonic effect on rice vi. preface of new pest in new terrain Pest multiplies due to absence of natural adversaries in new area Apple wooly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum multiplied presto due to absence of Aphelinus mali( Parasit)
vii. Accidental preface of pests from foreign countries( through air/ ocean anchorages) e.g. Diamondback moth on cauliflower( Plutella xylostella) Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Cottony bumper scale Icerya purchasi on wattle tree Wooly aphid- Eriosoma lanigerum on apple Psyllid- Heteropsylla cubana on subabul twisting whitefly- Adeyrodichus dispersus on utmost of horticultural crops
viii. Large scale storehouse of food grains Serve as force for stored grain pests Urbanisation- changes ecological balance Rats set up in underground drainage rejuvenescence Tremendous increase in pest population brought about by germicides despite good original reduction in pest population at the time of treatment. Deltamethrin, Quinalphos, Phorate- Resurgence of BPH in rice Synthetic pyrethroids- Whitefly in cotton Carbofuran- Leaf brochure in rice Losses caused by pests Crop loss from all factors- 500 billion US$ annually world wide nonentity pests
📚 Landscaping
| Title | View / Open |
|---|---|
| HINDI 1 | 📄 View PDF |
| HINDI 2 | 📄 View PDF |
| HINDI 3 | 📄 View PDF |
| HINDI 4 | 📄 View PDF |
| HINDI 5 | 📄 View PDF |
| HINDI 6 | 📄 View PDF |
| ENGLISH 1 | 📄 View PDF |
| ENGLISH 2 | 📄 View PDF |
| ENGLISH 3 | 📄 View PDF |
| ENGLISH 4 | 📄 View PDF |
| BOOK 1 | 📄 View PDF |
| Word 1 | 📄 View Word |
| Word 2 | 📄 View Word |
| Word 3 | 📄 View Word |
| QUIZ 1 | 📄 View QUIZ |
| QUIZ 2 | 📄 View QUIZ |
| QUIZ 3 | 📄 View QUIZ |