Epidemiology & Integrated Disease Management PDF (HINDI,ENGLISH,BOOK,PPT,WORD,QUIZ)
Epidemiology and factors affecting disease development. Diagnosis of plant diseases. Disease triangle and tetrahedron. Forecasting of plant diseases. Principles of plant disease management. Methods of integrated disease management: Host plant resistance, cultural, physical, legislative, biological and chemical control. IDM modules for wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, citrus and chickpea. Integrated nematode management in protected cultivation. Nature, chemical combination, general classification of fungicides and antibiotics. Safety issues in fungicidal uses. Pest risk analysis.
Factory complaint epidemiology –
Meaning and significance, difference between simple and emulsion interest conditions – Factors affecting factory
complaint pandemics – host, pathogen, terrain and time factor Edpidemiology or epiphytology is the study of the outbreak of complaint, its course, intensity, cause and goods and the colorful factors governing it. Grounded on the circumstance and geographical distribution they're classified as follows Aboriginal or Enphytotic When a complaint is more or less constantly being time after time in a moderate to severe form in a country or position also it's called as aboriginal complaint. eg nodule complaint of potato( Synchytrium endobioticum) is aboriginal in Darjeeling, citrus canker( Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri) in Asia and sludge rust( Puccinia purpurea). Epidemic or Epiphytotic It's a unforeseen outbreak of a complaint periodically over a wide area in a devastatingly severe form causing severe losses or complete destruction. This is constantly present in a position but it assumes severe form only on occasions. This is because of the circumstance of favorable terrain responsiblefor the rapid-fire development of complaint. eg wheat stem rust( Puccinia graminis tritici) and fine mildew( Erysiphe graminis vor tritici), late scar of potato ( phytophthora infestans), red spoilage of sugar club( Colletotrichum falcatum), velvetlike mildew of conduit( Plasmophora viticola) and rice blast( Pyricularia oryzae).
Certain complaint are aboriginal in one area and come epidemic in another area. Eg Citrus canker is aboriginal in Asia but epidemic in the introduced place, Florida( U.S.A). The velvetlike mildew of sludge is a aboriginal complaint in India but came epidemic in the Philippines. Epidemic When an epidemic complaint spreads over mainlands or cays and involves mass mortality it's considered as epidemic. The outbreak of black stem rust of wheat in India during 1947 is stylish illustration for a epidemic complaint. Sporadic conditions which do at irregular intervals over limited areas or locales are called sporadic. They do fairly in many cases. Eg Fusarium wilt of cotton( Fusarium oxysporum f sp. vasiinfectum) grain soil of sludge( Sporisorium sorghi) and loose soil of wheat( Ustilago nuda). An epidemic may beget wide and mass destruction of crop in a short time or may persist for long ages depending upon the three following factors responsible for the complaint 1. Host 2. Pathogen and 3. Environment Environment inflow map
HOST PATHOGEN
terrain Pathogen A course of epidemic in nature differs with the nature of the host, the pathogen and the terrain. In arecanut the Koleroga fungus, Phytophthora arecae come destructive during thunderstorm period( July- Sep) and wanes down with rising temperatures and dry conditions. The above complaint formerly again come destructive during stormy season. This type of epidemic is known as seasonal epidemic or periodic epidemic. Outbreak of Phytophthora wilt of betelvine occurs during stormy season in South India. In temperate zone peach splint coil and apple scab follow the analogous course. Pandemics caused as a result of preface of new pathogens in the position hither to free from them, appear in two phases viz., destructive phase and innocent phase( due to birth equilibrium reached between new adventurer pathogen and the original tenant). The well known pandemics of late scar of potato in Europe and blast complaint of rice in South East Asia, fine mildew and velvetlike mildew of conduit in Europe, splint rust of coffee in Sri Lanka and anthracnose of conduit in India are exemplifications of this order. In the below conditions the pathogens after taking heavy risk of the crops have settled down. Factors governing epidemic or essential conditions for an epidemic A complaint is occasionally sporadic and assumes epidemic proportions under special circumstances.
The essential conditions for an epiphytotic or the factors governing pandemics can be grouped under the three heads.
1. Nature of host 2. Nature of the pathogen and 3. Environment An epidemic can only affect from the accretive goods of all the three factors mentioned over, acting contemporaneously. Many pathogens are able of assuming epiphytotic conditions while others are sporadic. The former group consists of late scar of potato, blast of rice, velvetlike mildew conditions and rust conditions. Host Pathogen Environment vulnerability of the host preface of a new pathogen Temperature Aggregation and distribution of susceptible hosts Presence of aggressive strain of the pathogen humidity and moisture preface of new hosts High birth rate of the pathogen downfall
preface of Low death rate of the pathogen Light and Host Factors
1. vulnerability of the host shops have capability to combat complaint which manifests itself as vulnerability or resistance. shops are fitted to the attack depending on their nature, terrain and stage of growth. Presence of susceptible kinds in an area may act as one of the causes of epidemic. For illustration, late growing kinds of groundnut are more susceptible to early splint spot( Cercospora arachidicola) and late splint spot( Phaeoisariopsis) than the early growing kinds. also late growing kinds of wheat are susceptible to loose soil( Ustilago nuda tritici) than the early growing kinds. Beforehand sown sugarcane kinds of sugarcane are more susceptible to splint rust in Deccan conduits in Bombay area than the late sown kinds. Wheat factory becomes susceptible to black rust( Puccinia graminis tritici) at the charge stage but is resistant when youthful. vulnerability of rice shops to blast complaint( Pyricularia oryzae) increases with operation of heavy boluses of nitrogenous diseases. Cottons shops are susceptible to Fusarium wilt( F.oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum) at soil temperatures of 26 to 28 °C, brinjal to Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae at 20 °C. But crop shops are resistant to these soil- borne conditions at fairly lower or advanced temperatures. Under the below conditions, the pathogen multiplies briskly, beget infection and effectively uses its propagules for quick secondary spread causing epidemic.
2. Aggregation and distribution of susceptible hosts Cornucopia of susceptible hosts in an area is one of the major causes of the spread of pandemics.
📚Epidemiology & IDM
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