Preface to Statistics and its operations in husbandry, Graphical Representation of Data, Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion, Definition of Probability, Addition and Multiplication Theorem( without evidence). Simple Problems Grounded on Probability. description of Correlation, smatter Diagram. Karl Pearson’s Measure of Correlation. Linear Retrogression Equations. preface to Test of Significance, One sample & two sample test t for Means, Chi- Square Test of Independence of Attributes in 2 2 Contingency Table. preface to Testing styles, Testing versus Complete Recitation, Simple Random Sampling with and without relief, Use of Random Number Tables for selection of Simple Random Sample.
“Definition of Statistics, Variable sources of Statistics and Limitation,
Classification and tabulation of data, construction of frequency distribution
tables, Diagrammatic and Graphical representation of data”
Defnition of Statistics
According to Bowley, i. Statistics may be called the wisdom of counting. ii. Statistics may correctly be called the wisdom of pars.
According to Boddington, “ Statistics is the Science of estimates and chances."
According to Croxton and Cowden, “ The wisdom which deals with the collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data."
According to R. A. Fisher, “ Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics which specializes in data ”
Types of data
There are two types of data a) Primary data( b) Secondary data a) Primary data The data those are collected by the investigator directly from the units or individualities of the disquisition area and these data have noway been used for any
purpose before are called primary data.
styles of collecting primary data 1. Directly particular disquisition 2. circular oral disquisition 3. Through original reporters 4. Posted questionnaire Types of data b) Secondary data The data that had been collected by some other individual or agency and statistically treated to draw certain conclusions and now the same data are used and anatomized to prize some other information are nominated as
secondary data.
Limitations of Statistics
1. Statistics deals with only quantitative characteristics.
2. Statistics are summations of data. So single observation is n't a statistics, it deals with groups and summations only.
3. Statistics laws are true on average.
4. Only a person who has an expert knowledge of statistics can handle statistical data efficiently.
5. Some crimes are possible in statistical opinions. Classifcation of data Bracket is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common characteristics.
Types of bracket
1. Geographical bracket 2. Chronological bracket 3. Qualitative bracket 4. Quantitative bracket Classifcation of data
1. Geographical Bracket Bracket is according to place, area or region.
2. Chronological Bracket This bracket is according to the time, e.g., monthly, yearly, etc.
3. Qualitative Bracket Data are classified according to the attributes of the subjects, e.g., qualification, colour, etc.
4. Quantitative bracket Data are classified according to the magnitude of the numerical values, e.g., age, income, height, weight, etc.
Tabulation of data
Tabulation is the process of recapitulating the classified data in rows and columns( in the form of a table). frequence Distribution tables frequence Number of Times a variate value is repeated is called its frequence. frequence distribution table A table showing the distribution of the frequentness in the different classes is called a frequence distribution table.
Types of frequence distribution
i) Discrete frequence distribution
ii) nonstop frequence distribution Diagrammatic Representation Diagrammatic Representation is such a system of presenting the data as may be fluently understood by an ordinary or an illiterate person. The data is represented through colorful types of plates.
Diagrammatic Representation
i. One dimensional plates – Line and Bar diagrams i
i. Two dimensional plates – Pie, Blocks and circles diagrams
iii. Three dimensional plates – cells and Cylinders diagrams
iv. Zero dimensional plates-
Pictograms plates Line Diagrams
The data is represented with the help of perpendicular or vertical straight lines whose height or length is commensurable to the magnitude of the data. Lines are drawn at equal distances from each other. Bar plates These plates are just like the line diagrams with the difference that bars of veritably small and equal range are used rather of lines. Two dimensional plates
Pie- Chart
A pie- map is a indirect illustration which is generally used for depicting the factors of a single factor. The circle is divided into parts which are in proportion to the size of the factors. They're shown by different patterns or colours to make them Histogram A histogram is a bar illustration which is suitable for the frequence distributions with nonstop classes. The range of all bars are equal to class interval and heights of the bars are in proportion to the frequentness of the separate classes. In this illustration bars touch each other but one bar noway overlaps the other. frequence Polygon When the mid-point of the topes of the conterminous bars of a histogram are joined in order, also the graph of lines so attained is called a frequence polygon. frequence wind A frequence wind is a graphical representation of frequentness corresponding to their variate values by smooth wind. A smoothened frequence polygon represent a frequence wind.
๐ Statistical Methods
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