Fundamentals of Genetics PDF (HINDI,ENGLISH,BOOK,PPT,WORD,QUIZ)
Pre and Post Mendelian generalities of heredity, Mendelian principles of heredity, Cell division – mitosis, meiosis, Probability and ki- forecourt. Dominance connections, gene commerce. Multiple alleles, pleiotropism and pseudoalleles. coitus determination and coitus relation, coitus limited and coitus told traits, Blood group genetics, relation and its estimation, crossing over mechanisms, chromosome mapping. Structural changes in chromosome, numerical changes in chromosome, preface to mutation, bracket, Qualitative & Quantitative traits, Polygenes and nonstop variations, multiple factor thesis, Epistatic relations with exemplifications. Cytoplasmic heritage. inheritable diseases. Nature, structure & replication of inheritable material. evidence for DNA as inheritable material and inheritable law, Protein conflation, Recap and translational medium of inheritable material, Gene conception Gene structure, function and regulation, Lac and Trp operons.
Practical Study of microscope. stains and fixatives, Study of cell structure. trials on monohybrid, dihybrid, trihybrid, test cross and back cross, trials on epistatic relations including test cross and back cross. Exercise on mitotic and meiotic cell division, trials on probability and ki-square test. Determination of relation and cross over analysis( through two point test cross and three point test cross data). Study on coitus linked heritage in Drosophila. Study of models on DNA and RNA structure. Genetics is a natural wisdom, which deals with principles of heredity and variation.
Heredity-
process which brings about the natural similarity between parents and get. Deals with heritage of characters from parents to seed. heritage is the transmission of – inheritable information from parents and ancestors to seed. All characters are governed by genes
Genetics is the study of structure geste composition function of genes Variation The differences among individualities of a single species for a particular character. Genes are the functional units that govern the development of characters of an existent.
Gene- unit of heritage Cytology
Cell wisdom – cell structure and function of cell organelles with special emphasis on nexus how the chromosomes, the carrier of genes bear in the physical and reproductive cells of an organism Cytogenetics Expression of inheritable geste at cellular position study of chromosomes Its geste in replication, reduplication organ development elaboration of species Cytogenetics is study of chromosomes in relation to genetics.
Early work on Genetics Robert Hook( 1665) He described the cell as empty vessel. He introduced term cell. Cameraious He proved pollen is important for fertilizations. He's the first man to produce first artificial mongrel factory. Koelreuter He showed that F1 might act either manly( or) womanish parents( or) combination of both. Hereditary donation of the two parents to their seed was equal. Knight He attained the dominant forms in F1 and isolation of colorful characters in F2. Gaertner F1 are invariant and their F2 produced considerable variation. Naudin mongrels races and species of shops are frequently luxurient than either of the parents. Robert Brown He described the cell nexus in the flowering shops. He observed arbitrary thermal stir of small patches known as Brownian movement.
Knight He attained the dominant forms in F1 and isolation of colorful characters in F2. Gaertner F1 are invariant and their F2 produced considerable variation. Naudin mongrels races and species of shops are frequently luxurient than either of the parents. Robert Brown He described the cell nexus in the flowering shops. He observed arbitrary thermal stir of small patches known as Brownian movement.
Schleiden and Schwann
1. They discovered the conformation of nexus in the cell and formulated cell proposition, which says the cell is the lowest structure element of a multicellar organism.
2. each cell has a specific work to complete.
3. the cell can only produced from another by cell division. Strasberger He described fertilization in Angiosperms.
Van Beneden- Meiosis He showed number of chromosomes in the gametes, is half of the number of body cells. In fertilization the chromosome donation of eggs and sperms to the zygote are numerically equal.
Flemming- Mitosis He proposed mitosis in cell. He showed the chromosome splitted during nuclear division and the conformation of son capitals. he also applied the name chromatin which is to the stainable position of the nexus.
History of Genetics
Gregor John Mendel An Austrian botanist who laid foundation for the wisdom of genetics. Born in the time 1822 near Brunn in Austria He worked with Pisum sativum-
Garden pea Presented a paper in 1865 – “ trials in Plant Hybridization ” before the Natural History Society of Brunn Mendel’s Paper was published in 1866 Formulated two important laws of heritage in 1866 Law of isolation Law of independent multifariousness failed in the time 1884
significance of his work was realized only in 1900 For this colonist work he was called as the" Father of Genetics".
Gregor John Mendel An Austrian botanist who laid foundation for the wisdom of genetics. Born in the time 1822 near Brunn in Austria He worked with
Pisum sativum- Garden pea Presented a paper in 1865 – “ trials in Plant Hybridization ” before the Natural History Society of Brunn Mendel’s Paper was published in
1866 Formulated two important laws of heritage in 1866 Law of isolation Law of independent multifariousness failed in the time
1884 significance of his work was realized only in 1900 For this colonist work he was called as the" Father of Genetics".
Detection of Mendels work in 1900 by Correns, Hugo devries, Tschermak Carl Erich Correns A german botanist who rediscovered Mendel's work in 1900 He conducted exploration with theater pea and came to the same conclusion as drawn by Mendel in 1865.
He worked with Mirabilis jalapa( 4' O' timepiece factory) and established the first conclusive illustration for Extrachromosomal heritage Hugo devries Rediscovered the mendel's law of heritage independentantly but contemporaneously with Correns and Tschermak in 1900,
