FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY
Entomology – Greek word( entomon- nonentity; logy- study) Study of insects
Insects- Insectum- Latin word –( Insectum – cut in to sections)
Know about insects Insects
appeared 350 to 400 million times ago Insects and shopsco-evolved 150 million times ago History of life on earth 4 billion times But 99 of the life forms met with extermination Dinosaurs appeared 210 million times ago mortal species appeared two million times ago Insects- the largest Class of the whole living organisms 72 of all living creatures 9- 15 lakh known species universal – on each crop- at least a dozen of nonentity species- pests- one of the major constraints in adding agrarian productivity
Entomology( entomon- nonentity; logy- study) Study of insects
dangerous insects
Pests of cultivated crops Pests of ranch creatures Pests of stored products Pests of mortal Pests of homes and diligence salutary insects Natural adversaries of crop pests Directors of profitable/
useful accoutrements
Pollinators of crops Neutral insects foremost knowledge- dates back to
6000 yrs – the art of rearing silk worms and weaving silk cloth
During 3870 BC an Indian king transferred colorful silken accoutrements as gift to a Persian king citations in our mythological epics, the Ramayana( 2550- 2150 BC) and Mahabharata( 1424- 1366 BC)- silk, honey and lac First detailed bracket- Umaswati( 0- 100 announcement) Bracket of notions- Indian croaker
history
Charaka( 1200- 1000BC) Bracket of ants, canvases and mosquitoes - surgeon Sushruta( 100- 200 announcement)
Entomology in ultramodern India must have taken place in Natural History some time after the 16th century Conceivably defined into From arrival of the early Christian Missionaries and the establishment of East India Company at Calcutta benefactions made by several prestigious amateur entomologists serving in the army, Indian Forest Service, Indian Medical Service and Indian Civil service
2. Entomology in India during 1900- 1950 1758- morning of the ultramodern period of Indian Entomology Carl Linnaeus’s “ Systema Naturae ” foremost record of 12 species of Indian insects in 10th edition First entomologist- made expansive study of Indian Insects Danish Professor of political frugality turned in to a systematist
Classified insects in to 13 orders grounded on type of mouth corridor 1767- 1779- J.G.Koenig During 18th century collected insects from Coromandel area and Southern Peninsular India Published a special account of the termites of Thanjavur District and Red cotton bug- Dysdercus koenigi. 1782- Dr. Kerr published on account of lac nonentity
1785- Asiatic Society of Bengal started in Calcutta 1791- Dr. J. Anderson issued a causerie on Cochineal scale insects
1799- Dr. Horsfield An American croaker and first Keeper of the East India Museum “ A roster of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company ” 2 vols.( 1857, 1858- 59)
1800- Buchanan Wrote on the civilization of lac in India and on sericulture in some corridor of South India
1800- Edward Denovan- illustrated book – “ An epitome of the natural history of insects of India and the islets in the Indian swell ”- revised in
1842 by West Wood 1
875- Foundation of the “ Indian Museum ” at Calcutta
1883- “ Bombay Natural History Society ” was started more scientific attention- Journal of the Bombay Natural History 1883- inception of “ Fauna of British India ” series - editor W.T. Blandford 1892- Entomological part of the “ Fauna of British India ”( now Fauna of India) series started Sir George Hampson contributed first of the four volumes on the moths of India
1893- Rothney- Indian Ants -foremost record of natural pest control in India -White ants attack on stationary particulars checked by red ants 1889- 1903 “ Indian Museum Notes ” in five -- profitable entomology and applied entomology in India 19th Century marks the major progress and expansions in the field of applied entomology 1901 Lionel de Nicevelle-first entomologist to GOI 1903 Professor Maxwell Lefroy succeeded Nicevelle
Professor Lefroy came the first Imperial Entomologist Convened a series of entomological meetings on all India base From 1915 five similar meetings were held Proceedings of the meetings except the first one were published Came a treasure of entomological knowledge, which can noway be overlooked by any pupil of Indian Entomology 1906 ‘ Indian nonentity Pests’ 1909 ‘ Indian nonentity Life’ latterly State Governments also took up entomological work Madras, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh appointed-first
State Provincial Government Entomologists in 1912, 1919 and 1922 independently. 1912 Factory Quarantine Act 1914 Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914 T.B.Fletcher-first Government
Entomologist of Madras State Some South Indian Insects 1914 E.P.Stebbing-first Imperial Forest Entomologist – “ Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance Coleoptera’ 1916 Imperial Forest Research Institute- Dehra Dun - Forest Zoologist
1916 The Natural History Section of the Indian Museum was formed as the Zoological check of India 1925 Indian Lac Research Institute 1934 verge Singh Pruthi- succeeded Fletcher 1921 Indian Central Cotton Committee- pests of cotton
‘ Entomological Society of India’ in 1938 First President Afzal Hussain Vice-Presidents Hem Singh Pruthi and Ramakrishna Ayyar- ‘ Indian Journal of Entomology’ 1939 Locust Warning Organisation- established 1940 Dr. T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar " text of Economic Entomology for South India" revised 1963
1941 C.F.C.Beeson “ The ecology and control of the timber Insects of India and bordering countries ” 1946- ‘ Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage’ of GOI started 1960 Y.R. Rao" The Desert Locust in India" causerie 1963 H.S.Pruthi ‘ Text book of Agricultural Entomology’ 1968 Dr. M.S. Mani's" General Entomology"
1968 ‘ Central Insecticide Act’ - came into force from 1st January, 1971. 1969 Dr. Pradhan's" nonentity Pests of Crops" 1969 T.N.Ananthakrishnan ‘ The causerie on Indian Thysanoptera’ 1975 A book rudiments of Economic Entomology by B. Vasantharaj David and T. Kumarasamy
1976 A book General and Applied Entomology by K. K. Nayar, T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar and B. Vasantharaj David 1983 A book Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control by Dr. S. Pradhan 1985 National Conference on Key Pests of Agrarian Crops, Kanpur 1986 National Conference on Arid Zone Ecology, Jaipur
