Introduction to microbial world: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Sterilization, disinfection, pasteurization and Koch’s postulates. Bacteria: cell structure, growth, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, chemoautotrophy and photoautotrophy. Bacterial genetics: Genetic recombination: transformation, conjugation and transduction, plasmids, transposon. Role of microbes in soil fertility and crop production: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur cycles. Biological nitrogen fixation: symbiotic, associative and asymbiotic. Azolla, blue green algae and mycorrhiza. Rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Microbes in human welfare: bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, bio-fuel production and biodegradation of agro-wastes.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOIL MICROBIOLOGY AND donation in SOIL MICROBIOLOGISTS
Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms and their processes in soil. The commerce of organisms with each other and their surroundings involves soil ecology. Soil biochemistry includes microbial processes, soil enzymes, and the conformation and development of soil organic matter. Soil, from husbandry point is generally defined as the face of the earth affected by factory roots, indeed though life especially that of microorganisms, occurs at great depths in geological deposits, grottoes and sediments. Since, fungi can be fluently seen with microscope they were the first studied microorganisms in detail. The important events discoveries is given below.
• In 1675 The first book solely about fungi( “ Theatrum Fungorium ”) published by J. F. van Starbeck
• In 1885 Franck chased the word “ mycorrhiza. ” Franck latterly distinguished between ecto and endo associations
• In 1886 Adametz insulated fungi from soil and named them
• In 1902 Oedemans and Koning gave the first detailed bracket of fungi
• In the 1920s Charles Thom made detailed study of soil fungi, especially Penicillium and Aspergillus
• Leeuwenhoek( 1632 – 1723) is honored as being the first to see bacteria in his tone- designed microscopes. He observed the small animalcules in natural water and in water amended with a substrate( pepper or meat broth).
• Pasteur( 1830 – 1890) in discrediting the proposition of robotic generation, laid the foundation for microbiology
• Schloesing and Mรผntz set up that the ammonia content of sewage passed through a beach sludge did n't alter for 20 days. After this period, ammonia was changed to nitrate, but the process could be stopped by a small quantum of chloroform. The process could be renewed by soil excerpt, therefore proving that this process was due to microorganisms or, as they said, “ organized ferments
• S. Winogradsky( 1856 – 1953) is honored as the author of soil microbiology for his benefactions to nitrification, anaerobic N2 obsession, sulfur oxidation, and microbial autotrophy
• Hellriegel and Wilfarth, in 1888, grew peas in the absence of a fixed N force, showing that legumes attained their N from the atmosphere, whereas oats did n't have this capability.
• The first text to include soil microbiology was that of Lรถhnis, “ Vorlesunen uber Landwirtschaftliche Bakteriologi, ” published in 1910 and 1913
• J. G. Lipman( 1874 – 1939), established the Department of Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology at Rutgers University in 1901, was especially interested in the goods of soil organisms on soil fertility and factory growth. His 1911 book entitled “ Bacteria in Relation to Country Life ” was the first American composition in this field.
• Waksman( 1952) named the period from 1890 to 1910 as the Golden Age of soil microbiology when representatives of the soil biota carrying out the major soil and biogeochemical processes were linked. • Winogradsky, Beijerinck and Waksman- Laid the foundation for soil microbiology as a discipline ( Source Soil microbiology, ecology, and biochemistry/ editor, Eldor A. Paul, 2007) Martinus William Beijerinck( 1851 – 1931)
• He developed the enrichment fashion to insulate colorful group of bacteria.
• insulated sulphur reducing bacteria and sulphur oxidizing bacteria from soil. Spirillum desulfuricans was the first given sulfate- reducing bacterium, insulated and described by Beijerinck. • insulated free- living nitrogen fixing bacterium, Azotobacter from soil, Root nodulating bacterium, Rhizobium, Lactobacillus, green algae were linked by him
• He verified the acridity of Tobacco mosaic contagion in developing complaint
• Beijerinck discovered nitrogen obsession, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium and becomes available to shops.
• First to prize contagions from shops Sergei Winogradsky( 1856 – 1953)
• S. Winogradsky is honored as the author of soil microbiology for his benefactions to nitrification, anaerobic N2 obsession, sulfur oxidation, and microbial autotrophy • First to reveal the significance of bacteria in fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and the metamorphosis of nitrogen through nitrification and denitrification
• Discovered the Nitrification( conversion of ammonia to nitrate) process in soil and the first to gain pure societies of nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
• Described Autotrophic nutrition of bacteria
• Described chemolithotrophy nutrition of soil bacteria Chemolithotrophy- bacteria able of growth using purely inorganic sources of carbon and energy.
• insulated anaerobic nitrogen fixing Clostridium pasteurianum Alexander Fleming( 1929) accidentally observed the inhibition of Staphylocooccus aureus( pathogen) in the plates defiled with Penicillium notatum( now named as Penicillium chrysogenum). He insulated the emulsion responsible and used it to cure the secondary infections caused by Staphylococcus on the injuries.
The inhibitory emulsion was named as Penicillin, the first ever antibiotic to be insulated. It was used veritably considerably during First World War and at that time it was recorded as the phenomenon medicine.( Antibiotic is a substance of microbial origin or the metabolite that can inhibit the growth of other microorganism at low attention). For this discovery Alexander Fleming participated Nobel Prize with Chain and Florey. latterly Chain and Florey formed penicillin in the time 1942.
Selman A Waksman, 1945 linked Streptomycin antibiotic from soil bacterium. He also chased the term antibiotics( pertaining a chemical substance of microbial origin which is in small volume ply antimicrobial exertion). He's recognized as “ Father of Antibiotics ”. In 1932 published a book named “ Principles of Soil Microbiology and in 1952 published a book named “ Soil Microbiology ”. Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1952 for his discovery of streptomycin. Walther Hesse & Fannie E. Hesse( 1883)
• First to demonstrate the used of agar as solidifying agent for medication of culture media. Agar goes to result at 92 °C and solidifies at 45 °C. Hans Christian Gram( 1853 – 1933)
• Developed a staining procedure for secerning two different group of bacteria grounded on the cell wall structure( Gram ve and Gram – ve). The staining is called Gram staining. Developments with pure culture fashion A pure culture of an organism is the culture which contains large population of only one type of microorganism generally developed from a single cell.
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