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preface to weeds, characteristics of weeds their dangerous and salutary goods on ecosystem. Bracket, reduplication and dispersion of weeds. Pesticide bracket, conception of adjuvant, surfactant, pesticide expression and their use. preface to mode of action of dressings and selectivity. Allelopathy and its operation for weed operation. Bio-herbicides and their operation in husbandry. Concept of pesticide admixture and mileage in husbandry. Pesticide comity withagro-chemicals and their operation. Integration of dressings with non chemical styles of weed operation. Herbicide Resistance and its operation.
Practical
ways of weed preservation. Weed identification and their losses study. Biology of important weeds. Study of pesticide phrasings and admixture of pesticide. Pesticide andagro-chemicals study. Shift of weed foliage study in long term trials. Study of styles of pesticide operation, scattering accoutrements . computations of pesticide boluses and weed control effectiveness and weed indicator.
Tools for forestallment Avoid the entry of weed seeds onto the ranch through
• Coprolites • Mulching material • Intercultivation accoutrements • creatures • Water etc. rather of using ordure- Use compost. Different practices to control • Cultural • Mechanical • Biological • Chemical( organically approved) Cultural Practices Ameliorate crop competitiveness • Increase crop viscosity through narrow row distance and increased sowing rate. • Use transplants, rather than seed. • Choose competitive crop cultivars. • Manage fertility according to crop requirements; avoid redundant operation. • Spot operation of diseases. Intercropping • Having different factory types growing together enhances weed control by adding shade and adding crop competition with weeds through near crop distance. Ex • soybean wheat • Sugarcane cutlet millet • Sunflower groundnut Crop reels •
Weeds tend to overrun crops with analogous life cycles
• Crop reels limit the buildup of weed populations and help major weed species. • Altering, hardly spaced crops with nearly spaced crops, shallow embedded with deep confirmed crops, cold with warm season crops. Allelopathy • Allelopathy crops are especially useful because they've the capability to suppress other shops that essay to grow around them. • Rye is one of the most useful allelopathic cover crops which kills weeds like ragweed( by 43), pigweed( 95), and common purslane( 100). • North Carolina experimenters delved combinations of pesticide use and cover crop plantings on weed control and reported Rye and clover showed the loftiest weed control without dressings. Smother Crops • help seeds from growing by blocking light, can smother out some weeds. • In northern countries, oats are generally planted as a “ nanny crop ” for alfalfa, clover. The oats grow between in the place of weeds and avoid weed emergence. • Ex Mustard as cover crop in Ragi. honey weeding • Burning of weeds by honey. • violent heat causing the cell tire to expand and disrupt cell walls. •Pre-emergent, andpost-emergent honey weeding has been successful in a number of crops. • Flaming has generally proved most successful on youthful broadleaf weeds. • It's reportedly less successful on meadows. parentage for Crop Competitiveness and Weed repression • Factory parentage is one way to ameliorate
weed operation in organic systems.
• Development of crops with increased competitive capability and enhanced weed suppressive rates. • Crop rates that promote crop competitiveness include beforehand, rapid-fire establishment in less favorable conditions, crop structures that limit weed access to light and nutrients, increased factory hardiness etc. Bio Herbicide Corn gluten mess( WeedBan and Corn Weed Blocker) • It has been used successfully on meadows and high- value crops. •pre-emergent pesticide. Generally grounded ginger or bomb juice or clove oil painting constituents • Collapse 23 acetic acid. • Bioganic 10 acetic acid plus clove oil painting and thyme oil painting. • MATRAN & Weed Bye Bye etc •
post-emergent dressings. nonentity- Pest operation in Organic Agriculture
• nonentity operation presents a challenge to organic growers. • Insects are largely mobile and well acclimated to ranch product systems and pest control tactics. • Pest operation needs to be measured not solely by the effectiveness of a single element but how well a pest or pest complex is controlled by a set of control measures. 5Horne, 2007) To manage pests and conditions effectively, directors need to • understand the biology and growth habits of both pest and crop. • former crop history, pest life cycles, soil conditions and original rainfall patterns. Avoidance Techniques 9 1) Crop Gyration • Central to all sustainable husbandry systems. • Extremely effective way to minimize utmost pest problems while maintaining and enhancing soil structure and fertility. • Diversity is the key to a successful crop gyration program. • Different reels are particularly effective in regulating flea beetles, cabbage butterfly. 10 • Managing the frequence with which a crop is grown within a gyration maintaining the gyration's diversified niche, which provides spongers and bloodsuckers of pests with indispensable sources of food, sanctum and parentage spots.
• Crop insulation/ gyration strategies most effective against pests that do n't disperse over great distances and/ or that overwinter in or near host crop fields. Zehnder et al. 2007) exemplifications • Gyration with glucosinolate- containing brassicaceae can be salutary through biofumigation goods against soil- borne pests and conditions. Kirkegaard et al. 1998) 11 2) Field Sanitation/ Crop Residue Management
• Insects most affected by field sanitation/ crop residue operation will be those that overwinter in crop residue 1) European sludge borer 2) Pink bollworms 3) Sugarcane borers exemplifications • In alfalfa seed fields the alfalfa factory bug is controlled by burning crop remainders in late fall or early spring. • Field sanitation is an effective preventative measure in fruit cover operation Singh, 2008) ) Seed Quality • High- quality nonentity free healthy seed and seedling • Seed analysis by a seed testing laboratory • Planting physically sound seed is also important. In crops similar as flax, rye and beats, a crack in the seed fleece may serve as an entry point for soil- bornemicro-organisms that rot the seed once it's planted. exemplifications Seed bitterness nematode in wheat( Anguina tritici) Tomato root knot nematode
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