Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management (HINDI,ENGLISH,BOOK,PPT,WORD,QUIZ)
Proposition
Rainfed husbandry preface, types, History of rainfed husbandry and milepost in India; Problems and prospects of rainfed husbandry in India; Soil and climatic conditions current in rainfed areas; Soil and water conservation ways, Drought types, effect of water deficiency on physio- morphological characteristics of the shops, Crop adaption and mitigation to failure; Water harvesting significance, its ways, Effective application of water through soil and crop operation practices, operation of crops in rainfed areas, Contingent crop planning for aberrant rainfall conditions, Concept, objective, principles and factors of watershed operation, factors affecting watershed operation.
Practical
Studies on climate bracket, studies on downfall pattern in rainfed areas of the country and pattern of onset and pullout of showers. Studies on cropping pattern of different rainfed areas in the country and discrimination of rainfed area on chart of India. Interpretation of meteorological data and scheduling of supplemental irrigation on the base of evapo- transpiration demand of crops. Critical analysis of downfall and possible failure period in the country, effective downfall and its computation. Studies on artistic practices for mollifying humidity stress. Characterization and delineation of model milepost. Field demonstration on soil & humidity conservation measures. Field demonstration on construction of water harvesting structures. Visit to rainfed exploration station/ milepost.
Significance and compass of dry husbandry in India and history of dryland husbandry preface
• Dryland husbandry forms an important element of Indian husbandry contributing significantly towards product of food grain, feed and fodder. It refers to crop product, completely depending upon the downfall and these areas getting an periodic downfall between 400 mm to 1000 mm are known as drylands.
• downfall in drylands is largely undependable in terms of onset, recession and distribution during the crop growing season.
• downfall in these areas is inversely distributed, largely uncertain and erratic. In certain areas the total periodic downfall does n't exceed 500 mm.
• Drylands, besides being water deficient, are characterized by high evaporation rates, exceptionally high day temperature during summer, low moisture, high run out and soil corrosion.
• The soils of similar areas are frequently set up to be saline and low in fertility.
• As water is the most important factor of crop product, inadequacy and query of downfall frequently beget partial or complete failure of the crops which leads to period of deficiencies and dearths.
• Crops similar as sludge( Sorghum bicolor), plum millet( Pennisetum americanum), cutlet millet( Eleusine coracana) among millets, oilseeds like mustard( Brassica campestris), rapeseed( Brassica napus), and palpitation crops like chump pea( Cajanus cajan), gram( Cicer arientinum) and lentil( Lens esculentum) are the major crops of drylands.
• therefore the life of both mortal beings and cattle in similar areas becomes delicate and insecure. Significance of Sot husbandry in India
• The total land area of India is 329 million hectares of which 143 million hectares is pastoralist land and of this 94 million hectares fall under drylands. One hundred and twenty eight sections in India have been honored as dryland husbandry areas. Of these, 91 sections are spread in the countries of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, representing typical dry husbandry tracts. Rest of the sections belongs to Central Rajasthan, Saurashtra region of Gujarat and rain shadow region of the Western Ghats.
• Drylands contribute towards 42 of the total food grain product of the country. nearly 80 of sludge( Zea mays) and jowar, 90 of bajra and roughly 95 of beats and 75 of oilseeds are attained from dryland husbandry. In addition to these, 70 of cotton( Gossypium hirsutum) is produced through dryland husbandry.
• About 70 of pastoral population lives in dry husbandry areas and their livelihood depend on success or failure of the crops. further than 75 of the growers engaged in dry husbandry are small and borderline. thus, enhancement in dry husbandry would raise the profitable status of growers therefore helping in poverty relief.
• Although, India is blessed with average periodic downfall of about 1170 mm, slightly above the global mean of 990 mm, the fate of dryland crops oscillates with the volume, onset, progress, spatial and temporal distribution of thunderstorm rains. Of the mean periodic downfall, 30 per cent of the country gets lower than 750 mm and 40 per cent between 750 and 1250 mm. Only 20 per cent area is blessed with downfall between 1250 and 2000 mm, leaving about 10 per cent area with periodic downfall over 2000 mm. A critical appraisal of the living rain water vacuity shows that compass OF DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
• Considering the large areas with high yield gaps, there's significant compass to enhance the donation of dryland husbandry to the Indian food handbasket.
• Feed and fodder product to support beast is yet another important donation of dryland husbandry. Dry husbandry not only contributes 40 of food grain product but also supports two- thirds of the beast population.
• Despite considerable progress in irrigation development over the five time plans, 85 of coarse cereals, 83 in beats, 42 in rice, 70 in oilseeds and 65 in cotton are still cultivated as rainfed. Though, emotional earnings were noted in some of the rainfed crops in recent times, the gap between attainable and growers’ yields still remain high which shows further compass for development.
• Small and borderline growers who are the backbone of rainfed husbandry are resource poor and threat antipathetic. also, both public and private investments in technology relinquishment and structure have been relatively low in dryland husbandry performing in a vicious circle of low yields low net returns low investments in bettered technologies. With several resource operation problems arising in irrigated regions, rainfed husbandry offers compass to contribute to the growing food requirements of unborn particularly of beats and comestible canvases .
• There's compass for enhancing overall productivity of rainfed crops anywhere between 50 to 70 with the relinquishment of the available technologies, handed resource and institutional constraints in delivering the technology and inputs are addressed timely and adequately.
📚 Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management
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