Soil and Water Conservation Engineering PDF (HINDI,ENGLISH,BOOK,PPT,WORD,QUIZ)

Preface to Soil and Water Conservation, Causes of soil corrosion. description and agents of soil corrosion, Water corrosion Forms of water corrosion. Gully bracket and control measures. Soil loss estimation by universal Soil Loss Equation. preface to contouring, strip cropping. figure bund. canted bund and bench terracing. Lawn water ways. Water harvesting and its ways. Wind corrosion- principle of wind corrosion control and its control measures. Familiarization with centrifugal pumps, dimension of irrigation water, water vehicle system and familiarization with pressurized irrigation styles.

Surveying – description and objects of check, primary divisions of surveying, geodetic and aeroplane checks, bracket, uses of checks.

1. Surveying It's the art of determination of vertical distances, differences in elevation, directions, angles, locales, areas and volumes on or near the face of the earth. It involves the dimension and recording of the size and shape( including the perpendicular shape) of an area on the earth ‟ s face. The process of check divided into two corridor

a) Field work- taking measures

b) Office work- computing and drawing Object of check The primary object of check is the medication of plan or chart. The results of checks when colluded and drawn on paper constitute a plan. A plan is, the representation to some scale, of the ground and the objects upon it as projected on a vertical aeroplane which is represented by the aeroplane of the paper on which the plan is drawn. The representation is called a chart, if the scale is small.However, it's called a plan, If the scale is large. On plan, only vertical distances are shown. The scale of a chart is the fixed relation that, every distance on the chart bears to the corresponding distance on the ground. Suppose, if one cm on a chart represents 5 m on the ground, the scale of a chart is 5m to 1 cm. Primary division of surveying

Surveying may be divided into two general classes

a) Geodetic surveying

b) Aeroplane surveying Geodetic surveying It's also called trigonometrical surveying. The object of a geodetic surveying is to determine the precise positions on the face of the earth of a system of extensively distant points and the confines of areas. In this check, the curve of the earth is taken into account, since large distances and areas are covered. Artificial earth satellites have come into wide use in this check.

Aeroplane surveying

In this check, the earth ‟ s face is considered as a aeroplane The curve of the earth is n't taken into account, as the checks extend only to small areas. The line joining any two points as a straight line, and all angles are aeroplane

angles. checks typically carried out for the position and construction of roads, conduits and, structures. In general, the checks necessary for the workshop of man are aeroplane

checks. 1.3 Bracket checks may be classified in a variety of ways.

I. Bracket grounded upon the nature of the field of check

( a) Land checks.( b) Marine or Navigation checks.( c) Astronomical checks.

II. Bracket upon the object of check

( i) Archaeological checks.

( ii) Geological checks for determining different strata in the earth ‟ s crust.

( iii) Mine checks for exploring mineral wealth similar as gold, coal, etc.

( iv) service checks for determining points of strategic significance both obnoxious and protective.

III. Bracket grounded upon the styles employed in check

( a) Triangulation checks.

b) Traverse checks.

IV. Bracket grounded upon the instrument employed

( i) Chain checks.

( ii) Theodolite checks.

iii) Tacheometric checks.

iv) Compass checks.

( v) Aeroplane Table checks.

( vi) Photographic and Upstanding checks.

5 Agrarian surveying It's a simple aeroplane surveying. It includes laying out figure and sundeck lines for soil conservation, drainage lines, profile lines for land leveling and gutter lines for irrigation, calculating field and ranch areas and laying out ranch structures and roads. 1.5 Uses of check The planning of all engineering and construction systems extending over large areas, similar as roadways, railroads, irrigation, water force etc., are grounded upon elaborate and complete checks.

6 Lecture 2 Instruments used in chain check- constructional details of metric chain, metallic and sword videotapes, ranging rods, arrows,cross-staff, optic square, raised posy and pegs. Chaining It's the system of measuring distance with a chain or tape recording. Of the colorful styles of determining distance, chaining is the most accurate and common system. For work of ordinary perfection, a chain is used. But, where great delicacy is needed, a sword tape recording is always used. 2.1 Instruments used in Chain

check Instruments used for measuring distances

1. Chain 2. Tape recording Instruments used for marking check stations 1. Ranging rod 2. neutralize rod 3. Laths and whites 4. Pegs Instruments used for setting right angles 1. Cross staff 2. optic square Other instruments 1. Arrow 2. raised posy Chain The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of links, made up of 4 mm periphery electrified mild sword line.

The ends of each link bent into a circle and connected together by means of three round rings which offered inflexibility to the chain and make lower liable to come kinked. The joints of the links are generally open, but in the stylish chains they're welded so as to render the chain less liable to stretching. The ends of the chain handed with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each with a swivel joint, so that the chain can be turned round without wringing. The length of a link is the distance between the centers of the two successive middlerings.

The end links include the handles. Metallic markers or pointers of distinctive pattern are fixed at colorful distinctive points of the chain to compliment quick reading of bit of a chain in surveying measures. 2.1.2 Metric chain IS 1492- 1956 covers demand of chains in metric units. The chains are made in length of 20 and 30 measures.

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